InformationDesign-Assignment#19

Network Keyterm 10

**Kerberos**

Developed by MIT, Kerberos is network authentication protocol designed to encrypt and secure data on an insecure network.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/k/kerberos.htm

**LAN**

Short for Local-Area Network, a LAN is a network that has networking equipment and/or computers in close proximity to each other, capable of communicating, sharing resources and sharing information. Most home networks and businesses who have their own network are on a LAN.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/lan.htm


**Locking**

Process that allows only one person at a time full access to files contained in a network database. Locking prevents two people from trying to make changes to the same file at the same time.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/locking.htm


**LOS**

Short for Loss Of Signal, LOS is generally an indicator on a networking device to indicate that a network signal or connection has been lost.

If a LOS is encountered, it is an indication that the cable connected to the network device is bad, has no connection on the other end, network is improperly configured, or the network device itself is bad.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/los.htm

**LU**

Short for Logical Unit, LU is an identification of an individual or a software application on an IBM's SNA network.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/lu.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#18

Network Keyterm - 9

**IEEE 802 standards**

The standard that was set by IEEE for networking, specifically through local-area networking or LANs. Below is a listing of just some of the 802 standards currently referenced in the Computer Hope database.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/ieee802.htm

**IMAP**

Short for Internet Message Access Protocol, IMAP was developed at Stanford University in 1986 and is a protocol that allows users to retrieve e-mail but still uses SMTP for sending e-mail messages. IMAP4 is the latest version of IMAP that is similar to POP3; however, supports additional features not found in POP3.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/imap.htm

**FSO**

Short for Free Space Optics and also known as infrared broadband or optical wireless, FSO is a communications standard that transmits data by using lasers over mirrors and lenses.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/fso.htm

**IP**

Short for Internet Protocol, IP is an address of a computer or other network device on a network using IP or TCP/IP . For example, the number "166.70.10.23" is an example of such an address. These addresses are similar to addresses used on houses and help data reach its appropriate destination on a network.

There are five classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E, while only A, B and C are commonly used. Each class allows for a range of valid IP addresses. Below is a listing of these addresses.

Class	Address Range	Supports
Class A	1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254	Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.
Class B	128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254	Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.
Class C	192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254	Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.
Class D	224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255	Reserved for multicast groups.
Class E	240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254	Reserved.

Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for loopback tests, for example, 127.0.0.1. Ranges 255.255.255.255 are used to broadcast to all hosts on the local network.

All IP addresses are broken down into 4 sets of octets that break down into binary to represent the actual IP address. The below chart is a basic example of the basic IP 255.255.255.255.

IP:	255.	255.	255.	255.
Binary value:	11111111.	11111111.	11111111.	11111111.
Octet value:	8	8	8	8

If we were to break down the IP "166.70.10.23", which is the IP address of Computer Hope, you would get the below value.

166.	70.	10.	23
10100110.	01000110.	00001010.	00010111
128+32+4+2=166	64+4+2=70	8+2=10	16+4+2+1=23

There are several IP addresses used or automatically assigned on a network. For example:

166.70.10.0	0 is the automatically assigned network address.
166.70.10.1	1 is the commonly used address used as the gateway.
166.70.10.2	2 is also a commonly used address used for a gateway.
166.70.10.255	255 is automatically assigned on most networks as the broadcast address.

Users and/or companies who need to register an IP address or a valid range of IP addresses must register that IP address through InterNIC.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/ip.htm

**IPX/SPX**

Short for Internet Packet eXchange/Sequential Packet eXchange, IPX/SPX is a local-area network communications protocol developed by Novell that exchanges information between network clients, applications, and network peripherals. This Protocol cannot be used over the Internet.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/ipxspx.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#17

Network Keyterm - 8

**Handshake**

Term used to describe the process of one computer establishing a connection with another computer or device. The handshake is often the steps of verifying the connection, the speed, and/or the authorization of the computer trying to connect to it. An example of handshaking is when a modem connects to another modem; the tones heard after the dialing is the handshake and can be thought of as the computers greeting each other.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/handshak.htm

**Heterogeneous Network**

Computer network that combines one or more different types of computers and/or protocols.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hetenetw.htm

**Homogeneous Network**

Computer network derived of computers using similar configuration and protocols. A good example of a homogeneous network is a network using Microsoft Windows over TCP/IP.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/homognet.htm

**Hubbed mode**

Term used to describe when a router or switch is acting like a hub and broadcasting everything to every port instead of a specific port.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hubbmode.htm

**Hybrid topology**

A network topology that uses two or more network topologies.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hybrtopo.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#15

Network Keyterm - 7

**Gateway**

1. When referring to a network, a gateway is an address used as an entry point into another network. For example: 166.70.10.1 could be used as a gateway. It is common for .1 and .2 to be setup as a network's gateway. The gateway is commonly the address of a network device such as a network router.
2. Gateway is also a U.S. computer company. See our Gateway company information page for additional information about this company.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gateway.htm

**Glass house**

A name given to the rooms often found in large corporations that contain the main networking equipment, servers, and/or mainframes that run the corporation's infrastructure. The name glass house is given to these rooms because they are almost always an isolated room with glass windows that enable people to gaze into the room without disrupting anything and to help cut down the noise generated by the equipment.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/glashous.htm

**Gateway**

1. When referring to a network, a gateway is an address used as an entry point into another network. For example: 166.70.10.1 could be used as a gateway. It is common for .1 and .2 to be setup as a network's gateway. The gateway is commonly the address of a network device such as a network router.
2. Gateway is also a U.S. computer company. See our Gateway company information page for additional information about this company.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gateway.htm

**GroupWare**

Type of software program that allows a group of individuals on a network to use the same software and/or work on the same project at the same time. A good example of a GroupWare program is Lotus Notes. This program allows users to exchange e-mail, share documents and work on the same documents at the same time.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/groupwar.htm

**Guest**

1. An account that enables a user to gain very limited access to a computer. Although some computer operating systems will have a default guest account setup after their installation, many times this account will commonly have to be setup manually by the administrator before it can be accessed.

Unless you plan on having unauthorized users on your computer or network, it is recommended that the guest accounts be disabled on the computer to help prevent potential security issues. This account / username is commonly one of the first accounts a potential hacker may try if he or she is unable to gain access with a higher account.

* Information about disabling the guest account in Windows can be found on document CH001095.

2. Users visiting Computer Hope who are not registered on the Computer Hope forum are considered guests. If you do not wish to be identified as a Guest in the Computer Hope chat either create a free account on the forum and/or register with the IRC nickserv and identify when logging into the chat.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/guest.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#13

Network Keyterm - 6

**Fiber-optic**

Hollow cables that send data by pulses of light. Fiber optics allows for a much faster data transmission because of the capability of transmitting data at the speed of light. Most home computer users will never get the opportunity to work with fiber-optic cables because almost all home networks use other types of cables or wireless connections to connect their computers together. Fiber-optic cables are often used in corporate networks or world-wide networks such as Internet backbones because of its capabilities. The image to the right is an example of fiber-optic.

Please take the below pre-cautions when handling and using fiber-optic cables and/or networking equipment:

1. Keep the fiber connections and connectors capped when not in use to help prevent dust, dirt or other substances from being on the connection of connector.
2. Always keep your fiber connections and connectors clean.
3. Do not allow the fiber cabling to bend more than the diameter of your fist. Bending the cable further could cause physical damage to the cable.
4. Do not touch the tip of the actual fiber cabling, this could cut you.
5. Never look down the fiber cabling when in use as light pulses are being used. To determine if the pulse is being sent, use a meter.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/fiberopt.htm

**Firewall**

A software utility and/or hardware device that limits outside network access to a computer or local network by blocking or restricting ports. Firewalls are a great step for helping prevent un-authorized access to a company or home network. The image to the right is a 3Com SuperStack 3 Firewall, an example of what a hardware firewall may look like.

• A listing of computer firewall programs as well as additional information about preventing unauthorized access to your computer can be found on document CH000464.
• See document CH000907 for additional information about disabling firewalls.
  
• 
  

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/firewall.htm

**FTP**

Short for File Transfer Protocol, FTP was first proposed in 1971 for and developed for implementation on hosts at MIT and was later defined by RFC 959 published in 1985. FTP is a standard way to transfer files between computers. The method has built-in error checking. FTP often refers to a standard way of transferring many types of files over the Internet. Below is a short listing of some of the software programs you can use to connect to an FTP server from your computer.

1. FileZilla - A fantastic free FTP program with everything most users need.
   
2. SmartFTP - A great FTP with everything most users need.
   
3. CuteFTP - Another popular and widely used FTP program.
   
4. Internet Explorer - Users who have Microsoft Internet Explorer on their computer can also use Internet Explorer to connect to FTP servers.

In addition to using any third-party software program, many computers, including all Microsoft Windows computers, Linux computers, and Mac OS X computers, come with a command line FTP program; see our FTP page for additional information and tips with these commands.

Although many FTP servers require logins many FTP servers also allow anonymous ftp login, which only require a username, often an e-mail and no password.

Finally, it is important to realize that FTP is insecure. When your username and password are sent to the server they're both sent as plaintext and could be intercepted and read.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/ftp.htm

**Forests and Trees**

Also referred to as forests and trees, the domain tree is the group of domains in Windows Active directory that all have the same Domain Name Server (DNS). For example, computerhope.com, the top domain also referred to as the parent and its child domains help.computerhope.com and support.computerhope.com.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/domatree.htm

**Forward error correction**

Sometimes abbreviated as FEC, forward error correction is a type of algorithm used in one-way data communications where additional data is added onto the data packet to ensure the receiving end gets no errors.

source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/forwarde.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#8

Network Keyterm - 5

**E-mail**
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is text messages that may contain files, images or other types of attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals. E-mail was developed in 1972 by Ray Tomlinson and by 1996 more electronic mail was being sent than postal mail. Below isE-mail
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is text messages that may contain files, images or other types of attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals. E-mail was developed in 1972 by Ray Tomlinson and by 1996 more electronic mail was being sent than postal mail. Below is an example and breakdown of an Internet e-mail address. an example and breakdown of an Internet e-mail address.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/email.htm

**Echo**
Term often used to describe when data is sent to a computer or other network device and that information is automatically sent back to help verify the information is received. Echo can be a command used with operating systems and/or network devices, or can be a function of a device.

• Additional information about batch files including the echo command can be found on our batch file help page.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/echo.htm

**Error rate**
The degree of errors encountered during data transmission over a communications or network connection. The higher the error rate the less reliable the connection or data transfer will be.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/errorate.htm

**Exchange**
1. Microsoft Exchange or Microsoft Exchange server is a software program released by Microsoft that enables administrators to easily maintain and control communications such as e-mail.
The official Microsoft Exchange Page can be found here.
2. The process of changing one thing for another thing.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/exchange.htm

**Extranet**
Similar to a corporate Intranet, an Extranet is a local network that is also accessible to specific outside users and/or businesses; however, it is still not accessible to the general public. Although a user may have access to an extranet, the extranet may only display information that he or she is privileged to see and/or only allow access to specific sections of the extranet.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/extranet.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#7

Network Keyterm - 4

**DDR**

1. Short for Double Data Rate, DDR is a type of memory that utilizes both the rising and falling edge of the system clock that has the potential of doubling the speed of the memory. Today, the DDR technology can be found in high end Video Cards as well as computer memory such as DDR-SDRAM.
2. Short for Dial-on-Demand Routing, DDR was developed by Cisco and is a new routing technique that uses existing telephone lines to help form a WAN.
3. DDR is also short for Dance Dance Revolution. A popular arcade and console game where users must dance on a pad in conjunction with what is being displayed on the screen.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/ddr.htm

**DNS**

Short for Domain Name System or Domain Name Service, a DNS is an Internet or other type of network server that helps to point domain names or the hostname to their associated IP address that was introduced by Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel in 1984. If a domain name is not found within the local database, the server may query other domain servers to obtain the address of a domain name.

• For example, when a user is accessing the Computer Hope domain a user would enter the easy to remember domain: computerhope.com. When entered that domain name is looked up on a Domain Name System to translate that name into an IP address that can be better understood by computer, e.g. 204.288.150.3. Using that IP address the computers can then find the computer containing the Computer Hope web page and forward that information to your computer.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/dns.htm

**DOS**

1. Short for Disk operating system, DOS is an acronym often used to describe MS-DOS.
2. Short for Disk operating system, DOS refers to any type of operating system that runs from a disk drive. Today all operating systems could be considered disk operating systems.
3. Short for Denial of Service, a DoS attack is a form of attacking another computer or company by sending millions or more requests every second causing the network to slow down, cause errors or shut down. Because it is difficult for a single individual to generate a DoS attack, these forms of attacks are often created from another company or college and/or worms are created to create zombie computers to create a DoS attack.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/dos.htm

**DSL**

Short for Digital Subscriber Line, DSL is a method for home users and small businesses to have high speed access to the Internet over standard copper lines. Capable of receiving up to 6.1 megabits per second, DSL is a great solution providing it is available in your area. Because of the technology used, you must be within a certain distance from your phone company's CO for DSL to work or be available.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/dsl.ht m

**Download**

Sometimes abbreviated as dl, download is a term used to describe the process of retrieving data from another computer, either over a network or modem. Each page you visit on the Internet you download to your computer first. The term download is often associated with downloading a software program from the Internet that can be installed and ran on your computer.

• Additional help and information about how to download a file on the Internet can be found on document CH000505.
• See document CH000839 for information about why a download may fail before being completed and what can be done. See our download page for available downloads through Computer Hope.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/download.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#6

Network Keyterm - 3

**Cascading hubs**
Term used to describe the practice of adding additional ports when a existing hub/switch has run out of ports. A second hub/switch is connected from its uplink port to any of the regular ports on the 1st hub/switch by means of a regular network cable ( 4 pair twisted cable )/( Cat5 ).

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/caschubs.htm

**Coaxial cable**
A cable that is used in video, communications and audio. This type of cable has high bandwidths and greater transmission capacity. Most users relate to a coaxial or coax cable as a cable used to connect their TVs to a cable TV service. However, these types of cables are also used in networks and today are often connected to cable modems to provide users with broadband Internet access.
To the right is a picture of what a coaxial cable looks like. As can be seen in this example the cable is a thick cable with a metal male connector end that is screwed onto a female connector.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/coaxialc.htm

**Computer name**
The name and/or number of a computer. The computer name is used to help identify or locate a computer on a network. If your computer shares the same computer name as another computer, it is likely you will be unable to log onto the network.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/compname.htm

**Crimping tool**
A crimping tool is a tool designed to crimp or connect a connector to the end of a cable. For example, network cables and phone cables are created using a crimping tool to connect the RJ-45 and RJ-11 connectors to the end of the cable. To the right is an example of what a crimping tool looks like, this example shows a tool capable of doing both RJ-11 and RJ-45 connectors.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/crimp.htm

**Cross-platform network**
A type of network that consists of more than one platform of computer. For example, a network that consists of IBM compatible computers and Apple Macintosh computers.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/crosplat.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#5

Network Keyterm - 2

**Bandwidth**
When referring to your own connection, bandwidth is the total maximum capacity of your network or modem connection. A MODEMs bandwidth is measured in BPS. The more bandwidth you have, the faster you will be able to receive and/or send information.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/bandwidt.htm

**BitTorrent**
BitTorrent is a file sharing utility that shares files between all clients currently getting the file and continues to share the file on their computer. What makes bitTorrent so successful is that it shares the files between all users, which means if the file is popular, the bandwidth is likely to increase and will not overload or stop the download because so many users trying to get the file at the same time.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/bittoren.htm

**Bridge**
A computer bridge is a device that connects two local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN. Unlike a router, bridges are protocol -independent. They simply forward packets without analyzing and re-routing messages.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/bridge.htm

**Broadband**
Sometimes abbreviated as bb or referred to as a wideband transmission, broadband refers to telecommunications that provide a variety of channels of data over a single communication medium (wire). Today, there are a wide variety of broadband technologies available in most areas, two of the more commonly found and used technologies are cable and DSL broadband.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/broadban.htm

**Broadcast**
When referring to computers, a broadcast is used to describe a message sent to all individuals in an area. In computer networking, the broadcast address is used to distribute a signal across a network, commonly used to declare to other devices on a network that a new device has connected to the network and to give those other devices information about the newly connected device. The broadcast address on a network is commonly an address that ends with "255". For example, a broadcast netmask is "255.255.255.255".

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/broadcas.htm

InformationDesign-Assignment#4

Network Keyterm - 1

**Access point**
Term used to describe a location of a wireless receiver that enables a user with wireless access to connect to a network and/or the Internet. This term is used to describe Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/accepoin.htm

**ADSL**
Short for Asymmetric DSL, ADSL is called Asymmetric because of its two-way bandwidth devoted to the downstream and a small section devoted to upstream transfer allowing for users to get a much higher download transfer rate, rates up to 6.1 megabits per second

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/adsl.htm

**Agent**
1. In computer networking, an agent is a part of the system that prepares information for the server or client.
2.A software program or script used to perform a specific task.

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/agent.htm

**Aloha**
Protocol for satellite and terrestrial radio transmissions. In pure Aloha, a user can transmit at any time but risks collisions with other users' messages. Slotted Aloha reduces the chance of collisions by dividing the channel into time slots and requiring that the user send only at the beginning of a time slot. Aloha was the basis for Ethernet, a local area network protocol

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/aloha.htm

**Anonymous**
Term used to describe an individual or computer that cannot be identified.
Additional information about being anonymous on the Internet can be found on document CH000982

Source: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/anonymou.htm